INTRODUCTION:

The system of Indian medicine is one of the oldest systems, and there are many plants mentioned in this system of medicinal importance which includes folklore medicines for the treatment of various complications. The Medicinal plants represent a largely unknown reservoir of biologically active molecules not only as drugs, but also as inimitable templates that could provide as a preliminary point for a synthetic analog and an attractive means that can be useful for better understanding of natural processes.

This study highlights the assessment of polyherbal formulations (i.e tablet, syrup and suspension) comprising of plants like Abutilon indicom (Dried leaves), Glinus oppositifolius (Whole plant), Momordica charantia (Dried fruit), Spinacia oleracea (Dried leaves), Tecoma stans (Dried flower), Pterospermum acerifolium (Dried flower), Lagenaria siceraria (Dried fruit) and Piper nigrum (Dried fruit) for lipid lowering activity. The plant product used in this study have already reported to show Hypolipidemic and cholesterol lowering property in hypercholesteremic animal model and a few of them also possess blood sugar lowering and antioxidant effect. The reason for choosing these plants is that, they are frequently available with nominal or no cost of procurement and thus very cost effective.

Various phytochemicals found in Plants may target several signaling pathways also may bring about benefits through a synergistic or additive action. Most of the Indian medicinal plants have been found to hold phytocompounds like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc., that are commonly concerned as having Hypolipidemic property^1-6. But there is very little biological knowledge of these phyto-constituents on the specific modes of action in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. In the conventional system of Indian medication, plant preparation and combined plant extracts are used as the drug of choice apart from a single plant extract for the better activity⁷. Thus, in this study it was aimed to estimate the effectiveness of our prepared polyherbal preparation for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Test material:

The polyherbal formulations i.e Tablet, Syrup and Suspension were utilized for this study. All the formulations were prepared using the plant product mentioned in table-1. Tablets were prepared by wet granulation method, by using 5mg of starch mucilage of varying concentration (5% w/v, 10% w/v and 12% w/v) as binder and disintegrant. Talc was used as lubricant⁸. For the preparation of syrup, decoction of the plant material (mentioned in table -1) was used^8,9. For preparing suspension, the 120 mesh size fine powder of plant products was used. Herbal suspension was prepared using tragacanth as suspending agent⁸.

Table: 1 The ratio of plant product used in different formulation

S. No	Plant	Parts used	Powder in mg.
1	Glinus oppositifolius	Whole plant (dried)	200
2	Lagenaria siceraria	Dried fruit	400
3	P. acerifolium	Dried flower	400
4	Tecoma stans	Dried flower	300
5	Abutilon indicum	Dried leaves	400
6	Momordica charantia	Dried fruit	400
7	Spinacia oleracea	Dried leaves	400
8	Piper nigrum	Dried fruit	500

Drugs and standards:

Triton WR-1339 and other standard drug like Niacin along with other chemicals used in this study were procured from Sigma Chemical Company, St Luis, MO, USA.

Animals:

Adult male rats of Wistar strain (100-150g) used in this study were collected from the animal house of the Institute of Pharmacy and Technology Salipur, Cuttack, Odisha. The animals were used after approval of Institutional Animal Ethical Committee.

Triton-induced hyperlipidemia:

The animals were divided into six groups of six animals in each group. Group 1 – control, group 2 – triton treated, group 3 – polyherbal tablet (250mg/kg b. w.), group 4 – suspension (250mg/kg b. w.), group 5 – syrup (250mg/kg b. w.) and group 6 – standard drug Niacin (100mg/kg b. w.). All the animals were kept in controlled environment of relative humidity (60-80%), temperature (25-26°C) and 12/12h light/dark cycle. The animals were given standard pellet diet (From Lipton India Ltd) and water ad libitum. A single dose of triton WR-1339 (at the dose of 400mg/kg b. w.) IP.¹⁰used to induce Hyperlipidemia in rats. The rats were fasted for 18h after dosing and then anaesthetized with sodium pentothal solution at the dose of 50mg/kg i.p. prepared in normal saline. The Blood sample was collected from retro-orbital sinus using small glass capillary and kept in EDTA coated test tubes (3mg/ml blood). The collected blood sample was centrifuged at 2500Xg for 10min at 4°C and the separated plasma was used for different biochemical analysis.

High fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia:

The rats were randomly divided into six groups of six animal in each group. Except control all groups of animals were injected a single dosage of streptozotocin intravenously to develop type-II diabetes mellitus. The test and standard drugs used in the study were given by oral route, at the same time fed with high fat diet for 30 days¹¹. At the ending of above treatment all the animals were fasted for 24 hours, after that anesthetized. The blood sample was collected by cardiac puncture and then kept in EDTA coated glass test tubes which was then centrifuged at 2500Xg for 10min to get plasma.

Blood glucose and glucose tolerance test:

Glucose concentration in blood was determined by electronic glucometer. The oral glucose tolerance test was done according to the procedure of Vand and Karr¹².

Estimation of Lipid profile and total protein and c-reactive protein level:

The serum concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, phospholipids, high density lipoproteins and total protein were determined according to the standard methods^13-18. LDL, VLDL and atherogenic index were determined as per the following formulas¹⁹:

VLDL = TG/5

LDL = TC – HDL – TG/5

Atherogenic index = (TC – HDL)/HDL

C-reactive protein (CRP) was estimated as per the kit available commercially from Pars Azmoon (Iran) which utilized the principle of colorimetri²⁰.

Histology of aorta:

Rats of each group were dissected to remove thoracic aorta. All the removed tissue were rinsed with distilled water and homogenate in mixture of chloroform: methanol (2:1v/v). Food intake as well as weight gain in each group of rats were observed for 30 days. The collected aorta Samples from each group of animals were examined histopathologically.

Statistical analysis:

All test and experimental groups were compared by one way ANOVA and the significance of mean difference among different group of animal was done by Tukey’s post hoc test. A two tailed (α=2) probability p<0.05 was considered statistically significant (p < 0.05 = *, p < 0.01 = **, p < 0.001 = *** and ns = not significant).

RESULTS:

Effect of prepared polyherbal formulations on triton-induced hyperlipidemia:

After the administration of triton there was a significant increase in serum cholesterol (4.57 folds), triglyceride (4.45folds), phospholipids (3.82 folds) and total protein (2.19 folds) in treated group of animals as compared to control group. But the pre-treatment of animal with herbal formulation (both capsule and suspension orally) produced with a remarkable reversal of above effects [Table: 2, figure: 1a and b].

Effect of polyherbal formulations on high fat diet-induced dyslipidemia:

The High Fat diet fed rats showed an increase in TC (2.15 folds), TG (4.6 7folds), PL (2.3 folds), FFA (3.6 folds), TP (3.65 folds), plasma glucose (3.29 folds), LDL (4.8 folds), CRP (1.5 folds) and atherogenic index (9.5 folds). The HDL showed 62% decrease as compared to control. The oral administration of herbal formulations (capsule, Formulation A, Formulation B) caused decrease in TC (24, 30 and 33%), TG (16, 25 and 29%), PL (27, 35 and 40%), FFA (29, 47 and 49%), TP (29, 47 and 54%), glucose (22, 29 and 35%), LDL (49, 56 and 62%), CRP (18, 27 and 30%) and atherogenic index (54, 72 and 80%) respectively.

Results indicate that the level of C-reactive protein increased in HFD treated control group of animal as compared to normal control group and that administration of poly-herbal formulations and standard drug Niacin has significantly reduced it to the values which were observed in normal control group of animal. [Table- 3 and 4]; [Figure 2(a), (b) and (c); 3(a) and (b)]

Table 2: Effect of poly-herbal formulations on total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and total protein in triton induced hyperlipidemia

Group	Total cholesterol(mg/dl)	Triglycerides (mg/dl)	Phospholipids (mg/dl)	Total protein (g/dl)
Control	75.5±3.43	95.4±4.23	70.2±4.24	8.3±0.86
Triton treated	345.5^***±11.09	424.7^***±12.12	268.5^***±11.61	18.2^**±1.05
Triton+Polyherbal tablet (250mg/kg)	245.1^***±7.46	302.6^***±11.31	205.2^**±10.15	13.5^*±0.64
Triton+ Polyherbal Suspension (250mg/kg)	203.4^***±6.43	261.5^***±9.23	101.6^***±7.34	10.4^**±0.79
Triton+ Polyherbal Syrup (250mg/kg)	183^***±5.23	249.6^***±7.92	98.3^***±6.29	9.1^***±0.62
Niacin(100mg/kg)	174.7^***±6.69	253.8^***±6.57	96.4^***±5.34	8.3^***±0.65

Control group was compared with Triton treated; Test and standard drug treated with Triton treated. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. p < 0.05 (^*), p < 0.01 (^**) and p < 0.001 (^***) in HDL levels

Figure 1(a): Triton induced hyperidemia

Figure 1(b): Triton induced hyperlipidemia

Table 3: HFD induced hyperlipidemia.

Group

TC (mg/dl)

TG (mg/dl)

PL (mg/dl)

Glucose (mg/dl)

FFA (mg/dl)

Total protein

(mg/dl)

CRP

(mg/dl)

Control

83.04

±4.33

84.6

±3.26

76.5

±4.36

82.4

±4.17

1.7

±0.03

4.6

±0.69

39.71

± 2.45

HFD

179.1^***

±8.39

395.2^***

±14.43

178.3^***

±7.63

271.2^***

±9.68

6.13^***

±0.53

16.8^***

±0.98

59.4**

± 1.53

HFD+ Polyherbal tablet(250mg/kg)

135.7^**

±7.32

329.5^**

±13.23

129.2^*

±4.65

209.7^**

±7.97

4.3^*

±0.42

11.9^*

±0.54

48.8*

± 4.53

HFD+ Polyherbal Suspension(250mg/kg)

125.3^**

±6.34

293.8^***

±12.15

115.4^**

±6.65

191.6^***

±6.87

3.2^**

±0.34

8.9^***

±0.49

43.09*

± 1.22

HFD+ Polyherbal Syrup(250mg/kg)

118.6^***

±5.39

279.5^***

±10.98

105.2^***

±6.75

175.8^***

±7.73

3.1^**

±0.21

7.6^***

±0.65

41.33**

± 1.42

Niacin(100mg/kg)

113.7^**

±6.39

265.5^***

±11.32

98.2^***

±8.75

162.8^***

±8.43

2.8^**

±0.25

6.9^***

±0.65

40.32^**

±2.21

Effect of polyherbal formulations on HFD induced hyperlipidemia. Control group was compared with HFD fed; Test and standard drug treated with HFD rats. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. p < 0.05 (^*), p < 0.01 (^**) and p < 0.001 (^***).

Figure 2(a): HFD induced hyperlipidemia

Figure 2(b): HFD induced hyperlipidemia

Figure 2(c): HFD induced hyperlipidemia

Table 4: Effect of polyherbal formulations on lipoproteins

Group	HDL (mg/dl)	LDL (mg/dl)	VLDL (mg/dl)	AI
Control	37.5±2.64	28.62±1.44	16.92±1.65	1.21±0.12
HFD	14.2^***±1.43	85.86^***±5.34	79.04^***±4.67	11.61^***±0.86
HFD+ Polyherbal tablet(250mg/kg)	21.9^**±2.89	47.9^**±2.78	65.9^**±4.14	5.19^**±0.65
HFD+ Polyherbal Suspension(250mg/kg)	28.8^***±2.11	37.74^***±3.56	58.76^***±3.96	3.35^***±0.74
HFD+ Polyherbal Syrup(250mg/kg)	35.2^***±2.94	27.5^***±2.98	55.9^***±4.33	2.36^***±0.48
Niacin(100mg/kg)	36.3^***±2.64	24.3^***±1.98	53.1^***±3.83	2.13^***±0.68

Figure 3(a): Effect of formulations on lipoprotein

Figure 3(b): Effect of formulations on atherogenic index

Table 5: Glucose tolerance test

Group	0 min	30 min	60 min	90 min	120 min
Control	91.22±4.35	141.67±5.67	147.11±6.77	136.21±4.75	89.26±5.78
HFD	106.43^*±4.98	194.12^**±7.45	190.34^**±6.64	164.26^**±7.54	159.17^***±8.34
HFD+ Polyherbal tablet(250mg/kg)	92.23^*±3.57	137.21^**±3.88	144.32^**±5.32	131.18^**±4.27	87.15^***±4.98
HFD+ Polyherbal Suspension(250mg/kg)	90.28^**±3.34	135.18^**±4.76	142.45^**±4.96	129.23^**±3.89	88.45^***±3.99
HFD+ Polyherbal Syrup(250mg/kg)	91.32^**±3.69	138.18^**±4.45	144.45^**±3.96	131.23^**±3.76	89.45^***±3.69
HFD+Niacin (100mg/kg)	92.26^*±4.11	140.32^**±4.56	147.37^**±3.90	135.41^**±5.34	90.23^***±4.35

Control group was compared with HFD fed; Test and standard drug treated with HFD rats. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. p < 0.05 (^*), p < 0.01 (^**) and p < 0.001 (^***).

Figure 4: Glucose tolerence test

Figure 5: Histology of aorta

DISCUSSION:

Two different models i.e. triton WR-1339 and HFD induced hyperlipidemia were used to in this study to evaluate the possible effects of polyherbal formulations. Triton WR-1339 (tyloxapol) is a non-ionic surfactant being generally utilized to find out probable mechanism of lipid lowering drugs¹⁰. Triton drastically increases in blood serum TC and TG levels due to rise in 3-hydroxy, 3-methyl-glutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase activity and by inhibition of hydrolytic enzyme lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyses plasma lipids^21,22. During the condition of fasting the only source of serum lipid is by endogenous production. Significant reduction of increased in serum lipid level by herbal formulation treatment in this study might be due to inhibition of enzyme HMG-CoA reductase which plays a important role in regulating lipid level in blood plasma and other tissues of the body. High fat containing diet causes endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis²³ as well as promotes oxidative stress by enhancing the expression of oxidation-sensitive genes, like Elk-1 and pCREB²⁴. Cholic acid present in High fat diet increases LDL, TC and reduces HDL by increasing intestinal absorption and secretion of cholesterol similarly decreasing its catabolism²⁵. Animal group treated with different herbal formulations produced a significant reduction in mean serum Total cholesterol, Triglycerides and Low density lipoprotein in triton induced and High fat diet induced hyperlipidemia and raised the levels HDL. Also there was a significant reduction in atherogenic index in animal group treated with our prepared herbal formulation. Elevation of atherogenic index is considered an indicator of different coronary heart disease risk than individual lipoprotein concentration¹⁹. An antibiotic Streptozotocin, which is produced by bacteria Streptomyces achromogenes var streptozoticus, is toxic to β-cells present in pancreas consequently reduces the production of insulin²⁶. The administration of streptozotocin, augmented the mobilization of free fatty acids from peripheral deposits, because insulin inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase²⁷. The reduction in free fatty acid level by our developed formulations produces an indication about the inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase. The antidyslipidemic activity of our herbal formulation can be linked to its inhibitory effect on lipid metabolism like absorption, biosynthesis and secretion. The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic actions of our prepared polyherbal formulations may be helpful in reducing the development of hyperglycemia and cardiovascular disorder.

The results further substantiated with histo-pathological study of aorta. In histopathological study it was found that treatment of polyherbal formulation significantly reduced the plaque size in aorta compared with HFD treated control group. Similarly treatment with standard drug niacin produces the same effect.

As per the study by Ridker²⁸, C-reactive protein is regarded as an indicator in different inflammation and act as a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disorder. C-reactive protein potentiates atherosclerosis by influencing vascular cell, lipid accumulation, monocyte recruitment and by intra-arterial thrombosis²⁹. In other studies it has been reported that C-reactive protein act as an independent risk factor for various disorder like myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular events^30,31. In the present study, serum C-reactive protein levels were significantly raised in rats feed with high fat diet for 30days. However, when our prepared poly-herbal formulations were added to the diet, the increased C-reactive protein decreased significantly to a level even nearly equal with the normal rats. In a clinical study, intake of flavonoid was significantly negatively correlated with serum C-reactive protein levels in adults of US^32-35. Chun et al³² recommended that flavonoids may reduce the production and expression of NF-kB, which can influence C-reactive protein synthesis as an upstream regulator of pro-inflammatory cytokines production^36,37. The above facts partially explain the effect of our flavonoid-rich polyherbal formulations on reducing C-reactive protein.

The drug administration by oral route is the most important method of administrating drugs for systemic effects. The above findings strongly support the lipid lowering activity different oral poly-herbal formulations (i.e Tablet, Suspension and Syrup). Among the formulations the “Syrup” was found to be the better one because of its potential activity as compare to other.

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Received on 17.09.2020 Modified on 26.10.2020

Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2021; 14(8):4314-4320.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2021.00749